Hai, selamat datang!
Di bawah ini saya tampilkan contoh analisis dari clause complex yang terdiri dari simple dan compound sentence. Saya menggunakan teks berita dari NY Times. Sebelumnya, akan saya jelaskan perbedaan secara singkat dari simple sentence dan compound sentence.
Simple Sentence
Simple sentence hanya terdiri dari 1 subjek dan 1 tobe atau 1 kata kerja.
Contohnya:
- I buy a cake. ( I sebagai subjek dan Buy sebagai kata kerja)
- She is beautiful (She sebagai subjek dan Is sebagai tobe)
Compound Sentence
Compound sentence biasanya ditandari dengan kata penghubung (conjunction) for, and, nor but, or, yet, so. Pokoknya, kalau kalian menemukan kata-kata tersebut di dalam sebuah kalimat, maka dapat dipastikan kalimat tersebut adalah compound sentence. Kenapa bisa begitu? karena compound sentence bisa dipecah menjadi 2 klausa atau lebih.
Contohnya:
- I study English and Math
Kalimat di atas terdapat kata 'and' dan dapat dipecah lagi menjadi 2 klausa menjadi 'I study English' and 'I study Math'. Karena kata kerja nya sama-sama study, maka dapat diringkas menjadi 'I study English and Math' seperti contoh di atas.
Complex Sentence
Complex sentence biasanya ditandai dengan kata hubung seperti before, after, when, while, in order to, although, even though, whenever, wherever, even if, as if, dan lain-lain. Dalam complex sentence pasti ada induk kalimat (Dependent clause) dan anak kalimat (Independent clause).
Induk kalimat adalah klausa yang bisa berdiri sendiri. Maksudnya adalah jika klausa tersebut dipisahkan, maka klausanya tidak nanggung dan dengan atau tanpa anak kalimat, tidak berpengaruh apa-apa pada maknanya. Sedangkan anak kalimat adalah klausa yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri. Maksudnya adalah jika dipisahkan, maka maknanya akan nanggung dan terkesan belum selesai.
Contohnya:
- Before I go to school, I must help my mom.
atau bisa dibalik menjadi
- I must help my mom before I go to school.
Dalam kalimat tersebut dapat dipisahkan menjadi 2 klausa, yaitu 'before I go to school' dan 'I must help my mom'. Klausa 'before I go to school' adalah anak kalimat, sedangkan 'I must help my mom' adalah induk kalimatnya. Kenapa? Begini, misalnya kita pisahkan klausa 'before I go to school' lalu kita terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi 'sebelum saya berangkat ke sekolah'. Anggaplah hanya ada kalimat itu. Nanggung banget kan? Kita nunggu kelanjutannya nih, apa? sebelum berangkat ke sekolah terus ngapain? Kenapa? Ya nggak? Mangkannya gak bisa berdiri sendiri. Harus ada klausa tambahan yang menjelaskan kalimat tersebut.
Berbeda dangan klausa 'I must help my mom'. Kalau dipisah menjadi satu kalimat, maka maknanya utuh. tidak ada yang kurang. Aku harus membantu Ibuku. Ada atau tidak ada klausa tambahan pun sudah jelas maknanya. Mangkannya bisa berdiri sendiri.
Nah, pembahasan mengenai perbedaan Simple sentence, Compound sentence dan Complex sentence sudah. Saatnya kita membahas hasil analisis dari teks berita di bawah ini ya. Yuk, mari..
The Nightclub
Massacre in Istanbul Exposes Turkey’s Deepening Fault Lines, The Clause Complex
Analysis
APPENDIX
1: ORIGINAL TEXT
Nightclub Massacre in
Istanbul Exposes Turkey’s Deepening Fault Lines
By AINARA TIEFENTHÄLER 3:31
Terrorist
Attack on Istanbul Nightclub
At least 39
people were killed and dozens wounded, among them several foreigners, when a
man opened fire at a nightclub in Istanbul on New Year's Eve.
IHA, VIA
ASSOCIATED PRESS
By TIM
ARANGO
JANUARY 1,
2017
ISTANBUL — When a lone gunman murdered dozens of New Year’s
revelers early Sunday, he targeted a symbol of a cosmopolitan Istanbul that is
increasingly under threat: a dazzling nightclub where people from around the
world could party together, free from the mayhem and violence gripping the
region.
It was there, at the Reina nightclub on the Bosporus — a hot spot
for soap opera stars and professional athletes, Turks and well-heeled tourists
— that those hoping to move past a particularly troubled year died together.
The assault was the second in two weeks in Turkey, and it further
exposed the fault lines in a country that is increasingly tearing apart amid
terrorist attacks and political instability.
With the gunman still on the loose Sunday night and a nationwide
manhunt underway, the killings brutally highlighted a dilemma for Turkey’s
authoritarian president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Even though he has cracked down
on opponents and put in place security measures to bring stability to his
rattled country, the attacks keep mounting.
“I don’t know what to say,”
said Zeynep Ozman, whose brother, Ali, was wounded in the attack. “I don’t want
to say anything political, but this can’t be accepted as the new norm.
Terrorism is everywhere now, and the government has no control. Something needs
to be done. There is no life left in Istanbul.”
Attack on Istanbul Nightclub Attackers opened fire inside a packed
Istanbul nightclub shortly after midnight on New Year’s Day, killing at least
35 people and wounding dozens more, Turkish officials said.
Turkey has been reeling for several years now, as it has been
increasingly drawn into the Syrian civil war. By opening its borders to foreign
fighters trying to reach Syria, critics say, it inadvertently supported the
rise of the Islamic State, which is now carrying out attacks within Turkey.
Then, in 2015, a stalled war with Kurdish militants was renewed, and this
summer, Turkey suffered from an attempted coup.
The attack on Sunday morning — a strike on the Western, urbane
face of Istanbul — is likely to further diminish Turkey’s democracy by giving
Mr. Erdogan a freer hand to expand his crackdown on opponents, which
accelerated after the coup attempt. It is also likely to erode the country’s
economy, which has already suffered because of a decline in tourism and foreign
investment.
“Nothing that the
government is doing is helping make Turkey more secure,” said Asli Aydintasbas,
a prominent Turkish writer and a fellow at the European Council on Foreign
Relations. “The crackdown on domestic dissidents is further destabilizing the
country, and when it is not destabilizing, it is increasing the dangerous
polarization here.”
On Sunday, Mr. Erdogan vowed in a statement that the fight against
terrorists would bring the country together.
“They are working to
destroy our country’s morale and create chaos by deliberately targeting our
nation’s peace and targeting civilians with these heinous attacks,” he said.
“We will retain our coolheadedness as a nation, standing more closely together,
and we will never give ground to such dirty games.”
As it had after other recent attacks, the government imposed a
news blackout, saying news outlets should report only official statements.
No group claimed responsibility for the attack, which killed at
least 39 people, including at least 25 foreigners, according to Turkey’s state
news agency. But threats against Turkey from the Islamic State and its
supporters have increased, and a senior United States official said on Sunday
that the emerging assessment of both the American and Turkish authorities was
that the Islamic State was responsible for the attack, or had at least inspired
the gunman.
Still, the Islamic State, which Turkey is fighting against in
Syria, is just one of many threats the country faces.
Even before the Arab Spring revolutions six years ago, Turkey
sought to set itself apart and shape events around the region with its
so-called zero problems with neighbors foreign policy.
Now, all that has changed. Turkey, a member of NATO, has been
engulfed by the dark and destabilizing forces gripping the Middle East and the
surrounding regions, where everything seems to converge: terrorism, the migrant
crisis, the rise of authoritarianism.
The renewal of a long war between the Turkish government and
ethnic Kurdish militants has left cities in the Kurdish-dominated southeast in
rubble and brought terror to the heart of Turkey’s cities. A bombing at a
soccer stadium in Istanbul in December that killed dozens was just the latest
attack claimed by a Kurdish terrorist group.
The government pinned last summer’s failed coup on the followers
of a rival to Mr. Erdogan, the Muslim preacher Fethullah Gulen, who lives in
exile in Pennsylvania. That was followed by a countercoup engineered by Mr.
Erdogan, in which tens of thousands of people he said were linked to Mr. Gulen
— police officers, soldiers, teachers, civil servants and others — were either
arrested or purged from their jobs.
Victims’ relatives outside the morgue in Istanbul. The Reina
nightclub is popular with tourists, and at least 25 foreigners were killed.
DHA-DEPO PHOTOS, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
And less than two weeks before Sunday’s attack, an off-duty police
officer assassinated the Russian ambassador to Turkey at an art gallery in
Ankara, saying he was exacting revenge for Russia’s role in bombing civilians
in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. The killing came amid a rapprochement
between Turkey and Russia, which had indicated that Mr. Erdogan, instead of
continuing to push for the ouster of President Bashar al-Assad of Syria, was
now leaning on Russia, Mr. Assad’s most important ally, to bring peace to
Syria.
The assassination and the deadly nightclub attack have raised
questions about how able Turkey’s intelligence forces are to keep the country
safe.
With such a harrowing year coming to a close, many Turks were
eager for New Year’s Eve, as if turning the page on the calendar might signal a
fresh start.
In Istanbul, where a video on social media before the shooting
showed well-dressed partyers at Reina ringing in the new year with sparklers,
Champagne and confetti, the gaiety lasted just a little over an hour.
Around 1:15 a.m., the gunman, armed with a rapid-fire rifle,
killed a police officer guarding the club before going on a shooting rampage.
In the ensuing panic, some clubgoers jumped into the Bosporus, which separates
Europe from Asia.
Ms. Ozman, who visited her wounded brother in the hospital, said:
“He was covered in blood. I barely recognized him at first. He is in complete
shock.”
Timeline | Recent Terrorist Attacks in Turkey A timeline of recent
terrorist attacks in Turkey.
She said her brother had told her that when the shooting started,
he threw himself on the floor and felt things falling on him: bodies, tables,
glass. She said he might have been saved by bodies that acted as shields
against further shots.
The gunman’s identity and motives remain unclear, but one witness
said he had heard the man shout “God is great” in Arabic.
Even with so much uncertain, the attack on Reina, which is perhaps
Istanbul’s most famous nightclub, seemed to symbolize one of Turkish society’s
deepest divides, between the secular and the pious — a fissure that has grown
deeper under Mr. Erdogan, an Islamist who has expanded religious schooling and
sought to restrict alcohol sales.
Some on social media were quick to point out the rhetoric against
New Year’s celebrations that had come from Islamist corners of Turkey. A recent
Friday sermon prepared by the government’s religious authority said that New
Year’s revelry belonged to “other cultures and other worlds.”
Another passage of the sermon read, “We shall not forget that it
is never suitable for a believer to forget himself and his aim of creation
after a year passes from the stock of life, to exhibit illicit manners and
behaviors that don’t comply with our values.”
In the aftermath of the attack, Prof. Howard Eissenstat, an expert
on Turkey at St. Lawrence University, wrote on Twitter: “Disturbing + not very
difficult line to draw between official Turkish anti New Years campaign +
tonight’s violence. Rhetoric has consequences.”
Seeking the Istanbul Nightclub Gunman
Video On Sunday, Turkish officials revealed latest information
about the attacker who shot scores of people at an Istanbul nightclub on New
Year's Eve and remains on the loose, and said police were doing everything to
find him.
Emre Eytan Can, 34, an investment banker from Istanbul, said he
was a regular at Reina, although he was not there on New Year’s Eve.
“I guess it is a target
because it’s full of high-class Turks and foreigners,” he said. “And it’s a
place where people let their hair down and drink, which is not in line with
Islam.”
Turkey’s troubles had already led to a sharp decline in Western
tourists, but visitors from the Middle East, perhaps because they are
accustomed to terrorist threats at home, have kept coming. News of the attack
quickly reverberated around the region, with citizens of Israel, Jordan,
Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia among the victims, along with people from
Belgium, France and India.
By Sunday afternoon, the by-now familiar rituals of grief that
follow terrorist attacks were in full swing, with consulate officials and
grieving families converging at an Istanbul morgue, where local officials had
set up tea stands outside in the bitter cold.
A Lebanese woman, Stephanie Deek, was there with her husband to
identify a friend from Lebanon, Haykal Mousallem, a newlywed who had been
celebrating the holiday in Istanbul with his wife.
The wife was safe, but Mr. Mousallem, who had jumped into the
Bosporus to escape the killer, was dead.
“I am so sad,” Ms. Deek
said. “I cannot describe how I feel. I did not expect to find him here. I
thought he was just missing.”
Reporting was contributed by an employee of The New York Times
from Istanbul; an employee of The New York Times from Nevsehir Province,
Turkey; Sewell Chan from London; and Eric Schmitt from Washington.
APPENDIX
2: TEXT ANALYSIS
Clause Identification
1.
[When a
lone gunman murdered dozens of New Year’s revelers early Sunday,] [he targeted
a symbol of a cosmopolitan Istanbul] [that is increasingly under threat:] [a
dazzling nightclub] [where people from around the world could party together,]
[free from the mayhem] [and violence gripping the region.]
2.
[It was
there,] [at the Reina nightclub on the Bosporus] - [a hot spot for soap opera
stars] [and professional athletes, Turks and well-heeled tourists] - [that
those hoping to move past] [a particularly troubled year died together.]
3.
[The
assault was the second in two weeks in Turkey,] [and it further exposed the
fault lines in a country] [that is increasingly tearing apart amid terrorist
attacks and political instability.]
4.
[With the
gunman still on the loose Sunday night] [and a nationwide manhunt underway,]
[the killings brutally highlighted a dilemma for Turkey’s authoritarian
president,] [Recep Tayyip Erdogan: [Even though he has cracked down on
opponents] [and put in place security measures to bring stability to his
rattled country,]] [the attacks keep mounting.]
5.
[“I don’t
know what to say,”] [said Zeynep Ozman,] [whose brother,Ali,] [was wounded in
the attack.]
6.
[[“I don’t
want to say anything political,] [but this can’t be accepted as the new norm.] [Terrorism
is everywhere now,] [and the government has no control.] [Something needs to be
done.] [There is no life left in Istanbul.”]]
7.
[“Attack on Istanbul
Nightclub Attackers opened fire inside a packed Istanbul nightclub shortly] [after
midnight on New Year’s Day,] [killing at least 35 people] [and wounding dozens
more”,] [Turkish officials said.]
8.
[Turkey has been reeling [for
several years now,]] [as it has been increasingly drawn into the Syrian civil
war.]
9.
[By opening its borders to
foreign fighters] [trying to reach Syria,] [critics say,] [“it inadvertently
supported the rise of the Islamic State,] [which is now carrying out attacks
within Turkey.]
10.
[Then, in 2015, a stalled
war with Kurdish militants was renewed,] [and this summer, Turkey suffered] [from
an attempted coup.]
11.
[The attack on Sunday
morning] — [a strike on the Western,] [urbane face of Istanbul] — [is likely to
further diminish Turkey’s democracy] [by giving Mr. Erdogan a freer hand] [to
expand his crackdown on opponents,] [which accelerated] [after the coup
attempt.]
12.
[It is also likely to erode
the country’s economy,] [which has already suffered] [because of a decline in
tourism and foreign investment.]
13.
[“Nothing that the
government is doing] [is helping make Turkey more secure,”] [said Asli
Aydintasbas,] [a prominent Turkish writer] [and a fellow at the European
Council on Foreign Relations.]
14. [“The crackdown on domestic dissidents is further destabilizing
the country,] [and when it is not destabilizing,] [it is increasing the
dangerous polarization here.”]
15.
[On Sunday, Mr. Erdogan
vowed in a statement] [that the fight against terrorists would bring the
country together.]
16.
[“They are working to
destroy our country’s morale] [and create chaos] [by deliberately targeting our
nation’s peace] [and targeting civilians with these heinous attacks,”] [he
said.]
17. [“We will retain our coolheadedness as a nation,] [standing more
closely together,] [and we will never give ground to such dirty games.”]
18. [As it had after other recent attacks,] [the government imposed a
news blackout,] [saying] [news outlets should report only official statements.]
19.
[No group claimed
responsibility for the attack,] [which killed at least 39 people,] [including
at least 25 foreigners,] [according to Turkey’s state news agency.]
20. [But threats against Turkey from the Islamic State] [and its
supporters have increased,] [and a senior United States official said on Sunday]
[that the emerging assessment of both the American and Turkish authorities was
that the Islamic State] [was responsible for the attack,] [or had at least
inspired the gunman.]
21. [Still, the Islamic State,] [which Turkey is fighting against in
Syria,] [is just one of many threats the country faces.]
22. [Even before the Arab Spring revolutions six years ago,] [Turkey
sought to set itself apart] [and shape events around the region] [with its
so-called zero problems with neighbors foreign policy.]
23.
[Now, all that has changed.]
24. [Turkey,] [a member of NATO,] [has been engulfed by the dark] [and
destabilizing forces] [gripping the Middle East and the surrounding regions,] [where
everything seems to converge:] [terrorism, the migrant crisis, the rise of
authoritarianism.]
25.
[The renewal of a long war
between the Turkish government and ethnic Kurdish militants] [has left cities
in the Kurdish-dominated southeast in rubble] [and brought terror to the heart
of Turkey’s cities.]
26. [A bombing at a soccer stadium in Istanbul in December] [that
killed dozens] [was just the latest attack] [claimed by a Kurdish terrorist
group.]
27.
[The government pinned last
summer’s failed coup on the followers of a rival to Mr. Erdogan,] [the Muslim
preacher Fethullah Gulen,] [who lives in exile in Pennsylvania.]
28. [That was followed by a countercoup engineered by Mr. Erdogan,] [in
which tens of thousands of people he said] [were linked to Mr. Gulen] — [police
officers, soldiers, teachers, civil servants and others] — [were either
arrested] [or purged from their jobs.]
29. [Victims’ relatives outside the morgue in Istanbul.]
30. [The Reina nightclub is popular with tourists,] [and at least 25
foreigners were killed.]
31.
[And less than two weeks
before Sunday’s attack,] [an off-duty police officer assassinated the Russian
ambassador to Turkey at an art gallery in Ankara,] [saying] [he was exacting
revenge for Russia’s role in bombing civilians in the northern Syrian city of
Aleppo.]
32. [The killing came amid a rapprochement between Turkey and Russia,]
[which had indicated that Mr. Erdogan,] [instead of continuing to push for the
ouster of President Bashar al-Assad of Syria,] [was now leaning on Russia,] [Mr.
Assad’s most important ally,] [to bring peace to Syria.]
33. [The assassination and the deadly nightclub attack have raised
questions] [about how able Turkey’s intelligence forces are to keep the country
safe.]
34. [With such a harrowing year coming to a close,] [many Turks were
eager for New Year’s Eve,] [as if turning the page on the calendar] [might
signal a fresh start.]
35. [In Istanbul,] [where a video on social media] [before the
shooting showed well-dressed partyers at Reina ringing in the new year with
sparklers, Champagne and confetti,] [the gaiety lasted just a little over an
hour.]
36.
[Around 1:15 a.m., the
gunman, armed with a rapid-fire rifle,] [killed a police officer] [guarding the
club] [before going on a shooting rampage.]
37. [In the ensuing panic,] [some clubgoers jumped into the Bosporus,]
[which separates Europe from Asia.]
38.
[Ms. Ozman,] [who visited
her wounded brother in the hospital,] [said:] [“He was covered in blood.] [I barely
recognized him at first.] [He is in complete shock.”]
39. [She said] [her brother had told her] [that when the shooting
started,] [he threw himself on the floor] [and felt things falling on him:] [bodies,
tables, glass.]
40. [She said] [he might have been saved by bodies] [that acted as
shields against further shots.]
41. [The gunman’s identity] [and motives remain unclear,] [but one witness
said] [he had heard] [the man shout “God is great” in Arabic.]
42. [Even with so much uncertain,] [the attack on Reina,] [which is
perhaps Istanbul’s most famous nightclub,] [seemed to symbolize one of Turkish
society’s deepest divides, between the secular and the pious] — [a fissure that
has grown deeper under Mr. Erdogan,] [an Islamist who has expanded religious
schooling] [and sought to restrict alcohol sales.]
43.
[Some on social media were
quick to point out the rhetoric against New Year’s celebrations] [that had come
from Islamist corners of Turkey.]
44. [A recent Friday sermon prepared by the government’s religious
authority] [said that New Year’s revelry belonged to “other cultures and other
worlds.”]
45. [Another passage of the sermon read,] [“We shall not forget] [that
it is never suitable for a believer to forget himself and his aim of creation] [after
a year passes from the stock of life,] [to exhibit illicit manners] [and
behaviors that don’t comply with our values.”]
46.
[In the aftermath of the
attack,] [Prof. Howard Eissenstat, an expert on Turkey at St. Lawrence
University,] [wrote on Twitter:] [“Disturbing + not very difficult line to draw
between official Turkish anti New Years campaign + tonight’s violence.] [Rhetoric
has consequences.”]
47. [On Sunday, Turkish officials revealed latest information about
the attacker] [who shot scores of people at an Istanbul nightclub on New Year's
Eve] [and remains on the loose,] [and said police were doing everything to find
him.]
48. [Emre Eytan Can, 34, an investment banker from Istanbul, said] [he
was a regular at Reina,] [although he was not there on New Year’s Eve.]
49.
[“I guess it is a target] [because
it’s full of high-class Turks and foreigners,”] [he said.]
50. [“And it’s a place] [where people let their hair down] [and drink,]
[which is not in line with Islam.”]
51.
[Turkey’s troubles had
already led to a sharp decline in Western tourists,] [but visitors from the
Middle East,] [perhaps because they are accustomed to terrorist threats at
home,] [have kept coming.]
52. [News of the attack quickly reverberated around the region,] [with
citizens of Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia among the
victims,] [along with people from Belgium, France and India.]
53. [By Sunday afternoon,] [the by-now familiar rituals of grief] [that
follow terrorist attacks] [were in full swing,] [with consulate officials] [and
grieving families converging at an Istanbul morgue,] [where local officials had
set up tea stands outside in the bitter cold.]
54. [A Lebanese woman, Stephanie Deek,] [was there with her husband to
identify a friend from Lebanon,] [Haykal Mousallem, a newlywed] [who had been
celebrating the holiday in Istanbul with his wife.]
55. [The wife was safe,] [but Mr. Mousallem,] [who had jumped into the
Bosporus to escape the killer,] [was dead.]
56.
[“I am so sad,”] [Ms. Deek
said.]
57.
[“I cannot describe] [how I
feel.] [I did not expect to find him here.] [I thought] [he was just missing.”]
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